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Anthony Writer that they are rekindled into a flame that merges with Divinity itself. Friends, the gift of God is eternal life that awaits us after this temporary sojourn. The first picture bookof man was the sky and man used to spend hours of the night observing the ever moving heavenly spectacle. In the process of their observation, certain bodies in the sky were seen to be relatively stationary to the earth.
Fixed Stars are suns beyond our solar system. Our sun is a fixed star.
Many fixed stars are viewed with astrological interpretation in relationship to worldly events and personal birth charts. They are referred to as fixed because they are generally so far away it takes millions of years for their light to reach our visual sight on earth and thus provide the appearance that they are fixed in the heavens and do not move.
Encyclopedia Britannica states that fixed star was a general name applied to all self- luminous stars by ancient astronomers because, due to their considerable distance from Earth, stars appeared to have no relative motion and so were thought of as remaining fixed in position in sky; Halley proved this wrong in early 18th century; in contrast, planets were called wandering stars. Anthony Writer In reality, these fixed stars also advance at a rate of approximately As the fixed stars are beyond the zodiac, lying in the constellations, they do no move across the ecliptic. Those near the ecliptic and of significant magnitude have considerable influence.
John J. Again, for purposes of our understanding, it would be useful to regard the constellations in same way one regards a symphony. Ancient peoples used the appearance or disappearance of certain stars over the course of each year to mark the changing seasons. To make it easier to "read" this celestial calendar, they grouped the brighter stars into readily recognizable shapes, the constellations. We are given to understand that our modern constellation system comes to us from the ancient Greeks. The oldest description of the constellations as we know them comes from a poem, called Phaenomena, written about B.
However, it is clear from the poem that the constellations mentioned originated long before Aratus' time. No one is sure exactly where, when, or by whom they were invented. And yet a little detective work reveals a plausible origin. The first clue is that Aratus' constellations did not include any near the south celestial pole the point on the celestial sphere directly above the Earth's south pole because that area of the sky was always below the horizon of the ancient constellation-makers. In addition, the constellation-free zone is not centered exactly on the south celestial pole.
Because of a "wobble" of the Earth's axis of rotation, the position of the celestial poles changes slowly with time, a phenomenon known as precession. The uncharted area is centered on the place in the sky where the south celestial pole would have been around the year B. This date matches the time of the Babylonians and Sumerians. Since the beginning of time, ancients gazed at the stars with reverence and awe. The stars are termed Fixed Stars because they do not appear to move, as compared to the planets that appear to continually wander the sky.
Anthony Writer Ancient Egyptians worshiped the star Sirius Isis as its July rising brought fertility to the land through the flooding of the Nile River. And where would modern religion or the retail business be without three wise astrologers called the Magi? New technology makes the study of these ancient stars practical. Indian System derived from ancient observations In ancient times the Aryans were living at the North Pole and during the night they observed the sky throughout the year.
One day of theirs of 24 hours was equal to one year of ours. It took one nakshatra or asterism years to come to the horizon. The scene was a continuous whirling of the dome. Therefore, for the 27 nakshatras used in Indian Hindu astrology today, it took years. The March of Time Anthony Writer a The Celestial Equator passed through each nakshatra in turn, which rises exactly in the east the true east.
Later on, due to freezing climatic conditions, the Aryans moved from the North Pole to habitats which were more stable climatically. Some of them settled in Central Asia, others moved to Europe via Greece, the seed of European civilization, while others moved to India through Afghanistan. The following were their observations : 1. The East was a variable point.
The only fixed direction was the zenith and any star occupying this point would be called Dhurva Taraka. Any luminary in the southern hemisphere would be called invisible and the horizon was the celestial equator. The Sun would come to the equator on 21st March and then it is seen whirling round and round, gradually making circles of high altitudes. Then the Sun gradually descends and becomes invisible or sets on 23rd September. There was a continuous lighted period of 6 months duration Aha and an equally long dark period Rathra.
When the Sun comes to the Celestial Equator, it becomes visible to the Polar residents. Anthony Writer 8. Modern astronomy tells us that the rate of this shift is known as the Precision of the Equinox, shifting by about The Sun would come to the same point of the ecliptic, as the equinotical Sun, in about 26, years approximately.
The Moon would remain invisible so long as her declination was Southern. As soon as her declination became zero, she would make her first appearance to the residents of the North Pole. She would whirl round and round to a height of 30 degrees and after giving a continuous light for about 15 days, would disappear. Hence each star nakshatra got its turn of being an eastern star. Hence if Kritikas were an eastern star in B. To the Vedic sages the stars were known as nakshatras groups of stars having different shapes.
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Anthony Writer Later on, Abhijit or Wega 6Cap40 to 10 Cap According to him the following stars must have come to the Celestial equator in the century years noted against them: No. Asterism star In the year B. According to the Vedic sages it was the Kritikas that occupy the first place in the list of stars. The Vedic sages observed that the nakshatras were a cluster of stars resembling the parts of the human body or those of the beast, like Mriga the deer or antelope, Hasta, the fingerprints of the hand, etc. The original names given by these sages have changed today.
They also observed the constellations which also had different shapes of animals, objects, vehicles, reptiles, etc. Each nakshatra had a particular deity and symbols and remedial measures were taken recourse to for various measures. From time immemorial myths and mysteries have been created around the nakshatras. Apollonius Tyanaeus, a Greek thinker and traveler of the 1st Century A. Astronomy was then interwoven with astrology and since ancient times Indians have involved the planets called Grahas with the determination of human fortunes.
From the above it has been noted that the ancient Aryans, from whom we have inherited this vast legacy of the stars, have contributed and enriched the knowledge of the fixed stars, which were observed in their collective form as nakshatras or asterisms.
Fixed stars are the brightest stars observed from the nakshatras and constellations. It provides proper names of stars from many cultures over the period of recorded history. The book studies the names of stars, constellation by constellation in an alphabetical order. In each constellation, the proper names of stars from various cultures are discussed. It includes the then contemporary astronomical identity of stars as Flamsteed numbers and Bayer identities. The book covers all the constellations. The period of the book was before formalization of the constellation definitions to 88 by International Astronomical Union in This has been systematically carried out to cover all the constellations.
In each case, anecdotal data is provided using local folklore, historical documents and other cultural documents. An analysis is provided with suggestions as to possible influence of one culture on the other, in arriving at the proper names for stars. Balakrishna's 'Names of Stars from period of Vedas' of , writes : A number of stars in the sky were given proper names by people of India, i. Amongst them the twenty-eight names were given to stars over degrees of the moon path along the ecliptic.
Among these, use of one of these names, Abhijit as a daily star has been discontinued in modern times. Ancient astrology of this culture, called Jyotishya Shasthra, has its origins during that period and has been gradually modified. This astrological system uses a moon-pointer daily star definition, based on the 27 daily stars, with Sanskrit proper names, corresponding to Efforts have been made to associate and identify these Sanskrit proper names to explicit star or groups of stars along the ecliptic, and determine their modern astronomical names.
Anthony Writer In the vedic literature, Bharateeya's have the oldest continuing culture running for thousands of years. Pre-vedic culture understood the motions of the bodies in skies and evolved a moon pointer calendar, moon pointing to daily stars in the skies. Various stars in the moon path and a few others were given proper names many thousand years ago. Chandramana or Moon pointer almanac has been extensively used during and since Vedic period.
Comparison of Nakshathra identities by R. Allen and Balakrishna Nakshathra R. The Church and high courts began to proclaim astrology to be a superstition. Up until the Renaissance, the fixed stars used to be a standard part of the astrological art. But from the Renaissance onwards the marked fatalism associated with their interpretations fell into disfavor with two modern trends; the new knowledge emerging in the Renaissance that developed into the full blown rationalism of the Enlightenment, and which gave a greater complexity to causation and the Protestant Reformation with its stress on free will.
The latter lies at the root of a modern individualism aiming at an autonomy which had no use for fate. Gradually, as the cult of freedom developed, the fixed stars, along with the also widely used Arabic Parts, began to drop out of astrological usage. There was of course some reason for the modern prejudice and change. As Noel Tyl observes: "The meanings developed around almost all the stars are drastic, promising scandal, death, blindness, upheaval, chaos etc.
Perhaps this was ancient astrology's way of grasping the concept of explaining the painful anomalies of life in those times before there was any knowledge of the trans-Saturnian planets". It was rescued and preserved by the Arabs. Ptolemy's work was translated into Arabic. European and Arabic astrology merged. It was not until the thirteenth century that astrology crept back into Europe via Spain and Italy. Ptolemy was translated back into Latin from Arabic. His work was taught in all universities for three centuries. He had been a great man.
He had written on music, geography, optics, astronomy, he had calculated the distance of the Moon from the Earth. He had enormous impact on astrological thought. Metaphysically, each and every star is a unique personality. The night sky is awesomely beautiful. Few of us get to see it in all its glory. Anthony Writer Standing stones used to watch the heavens by the ancients Standing stones More single standing stones feature in this guide than any other kind of ancient site.
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They are usually dated by archaeologists to the Early Bronze Age about BC , partly because they are sometimes set up in association with kerb cairns which have been dated to this period. Some standing stones may be earlier, however, and so date to the Neolithic period. This may particuarly be true of the cup-marked stones. Excavation of the sockets of such stones is rarely done and seldom provides any dating evidence. Standing stones can vary from 1.
It is the flat faces which usually indicate the directions to look towards the horizon. There are many standing stones in Scotland, for example the giant one at Beacharr on the west coast of Kintyre, which have no apparent axis, no flat sides or faces which could lead an observer to look towards a point on the horizon. Such stones may have lost their partners in a pairing of stones, or in an alignment; but they may also have had other purposes and do not generally feature here.
Some surveyors have speculated that stones like this may simply mark the place to stand to watch the sun or moon rise or set over a known, unindicated, horizon point.. Jantar Mantar, New Delhi - Few minutes walk from Connaught Place is is a strange collection of solomon coloured structures. These were built by Maharaja Jai Singh and is actually an observatory. Though not as large as its compatriot in Jaipur, Jantar Mantar at Delhi is also an attraction for the tourists. The astonishing part of these observatories is that they can calculate many astronomical movements very accurately.
Anthony Writer A new beginning: The advent of the telescope assisted in developing many new stars, galaxies, black holes, asteroids and planets, thereby bringing into our consciousness new energy. As a rule planetary effects are gradual and operate comparatively slowly. The extent and magnitude of the effects brought about by the Fixed Stars depend upon several factors, namely: a apparent size b magnitude and their variation in brightness c celestial position d nature of planets through which they operate e general nature of the horoscope f position of the fixed star in the horoscope.
Just to clarify, though, the constellations don't move remember, they are made up of fixed stars. The Sun is what appears to enter the different Signs of the Zodiac. As to the part about the dates and the Zodiac, we'll get to that shortly. This tilt is what produces the seasonal variations. The Earth is also not a perfect sphere; it bulges in the middle near the Equator. This unequal distribution of mass causes the Earth to "wobble" around its rotational axis like a gyroscope.
What this means is that the Earth's axis makes its own rotation, with the North and South Poles slowly describing a circle around the ecliptic pole which is the pole exactly perpindicular to the plane of the ecliptic; the North and South poles, remember are tilted How slowly? Well, a complete cycle takes about 25, years. The precession can also be seen in terms of the "North Star". Currently the North Pole of the Earth is aligned with the fixed star Polaris.
This was not the case 3, years ago; and by the year 14, A. The "wobble" and the precession of the equinoxes were known to the Ancient Egyptians, although the first official "discovery" of it was made by an Ancient Greek astronomer, Hipparchus, who was born sometime around B. It was noted because the Sun was in a slightly earlier position at the time of the Spring Equinox each year as measured against the fixed stars. Because the movement slips backwards through the zodiac, it is called precession as opposed to a forward-movement which would be called progression.
The awareness of the precession brought in many questions. There was a new dawn of awareness, logic, numbers, maths, and eventually scientific temperament in the minds of astronomers, astrologers and people doing work in related fields. The nature and rate of movement of precession was yet to be determined and solved. By the time of Ptolemy B. Ptolemy, primarily an astronomer, his real interest was in the mathematics of the sky than its symbolic meaning.
His main logistical problem was that two sets of data were required to answer the question on precession: the accurate position of stars for one period in time; and the position of the same list of stars, measured for a later period. By comparing the two lists and knowing the time period between the two, the rate of precession could be found.
To avoid this tedious method not guaranteeing accuracy, Ptolemy decided to develop a better system of recording the position of stars. In it he drew on several hundred years of Greek science. He drew on Aristotle for his overall philosophical standpoint. His geometrical methods came from Euclid. His spherical geometry was from Menelaus of Alexandria. He drew on the Astronomer Eudoxus, for his planetary models and on Hipparchus for his catalogue of stars and astronomical methods.
The Almagest contains also a catalogue of stars in 48 constellations. It has descriptions of various sighting instruments and a table of chords to help with calculations. In the wording of M. I shall line them up so that I fit them to planets according to their similarity. He found the poles of the ecliptic and then he projected every star onto the ecliptic via the lines of longitude from these poles. He measured stars and published this list in his Almagest. It was an ingenious system.
It meant that the position of a star could be accurately and simply recorded.
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It could be reproduced in years to come so that any change in the ecliptical position of the star could be easily noted. It was a huge advancement for astronomers and placed Ptolemy among the giants of astronomy. However, it seems to have altered the way in which astrology worked with fixed stars. Until that time the evidence suggests that the predominant method for working with stars in astrology was via their risings, culminations, and settings. Ptolemy had developed the list as an astronomer, for astronomical needs.
This was a slow transition, for in B. This is known today as working in parans. His list of stars and their PED were then precessed through the ages, with each generation of astrologers adding the current rate of precession to find the current ecliptical position of any star in their time. The astrologers at the time of Ulugh Beg and Regiomontanus seemed to accept this change in the position of the fixed stars without question.
Since that day, astrologers and astronomers alike have used the poles of the equator rather than that ofthe ecliptic for all such projections. And if that was a valid step to take, then we have to question why the astrological community accepted the work done by Ulugh Beg, for it changed the ecliptical position of every fixed star recorded by Ptolemy. The star may have risen hours earlier or may not be due to rise for some hours to come.
In figure below the shaded area is the plane of the horizon. The figure shows the star Hamal, the alpha star of Aries, rising on the horizon. If you look at the ecliptical degree on the Ascendant at the time that Hamal is rising, it is 24 Pisces. So, for that particular location, Hamal will always rise with 24 Pisces. However, if you can imagine a line drawn from one celestial pole to the other, the dashed line in the figure , and have that line pass through Hamal, it will cut the ecliptic at 5 Taurus.
For when 5 Taurus eventually does rise at that location, Hamal, which co-rises with 24 Pisces, would have long since left the horizon and be quite high in the sky. Thus, although Hamal may be projected back to 5 Taurus, it also has another ecliptical position which is based on the degree in which it co-rises.
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This new position varies from latitude to latitude and in this example links Hamal with 24 Pisces. This question of what degree a star co-rises at is an example of the older method of parans. Linking energies of the fixed stars Ptolemy is also renowned for linking the energy of each fixed star to a combination of planetary energies. In Ptolemy's time it was believed that the earth was the center of the universe, with the Sun, Moon, planets and stars revolving round it.
So it was natural to suppose that each planet ruled the distant constellations. But in our modern Copernican conception of the universe it is utterly preposterous to believe that Mercury, relatively a mere speck of cosmic dust compared to the magnitude of many of the fixed stars, could rule the constellation Virgo which contains within its confines teeming billions of fixed stars and other universes i. So when we say that Mercury rules Virgo, we merely mean the influences of all the fixed stars in the constellation Virgo, taken in the aggregate, accord with those of the planet Mercury, and similarly for the other zodiacal constellations and their planetary rulers Thus Ptolemy, who would have been familiar with the work of Plato, would have felt it was proper and correct to translate the mythological impact and meaning of every fixed star into a planetary combination.
The purpose here was not to ignore the fixed stars mythologically but to seek their possible planetary power, hinted at by Plato. However, as time passed, it seems that these planetary meanings took center stage, with astrologers losing or forgetting the once great stories, morals, and life lessons woven around each star. So the combination of all these factors-the use of projected ecliptical degrees for the stars, their later modification by Ulugh Beg and Regiomontanus, and the loss of many of their original meanings by their reduction to planetary expressions-has meant that fixed stars have lost their central place of importance in astrology.
As astrologers abandoned the constellations, no longer observing and taking note of their rising and setting, the images and stories preserved in the starry sky disintegrated. The sky was left open to astronomers who, having no love for the shape of the heavens, proceeded to place their world on the skies and to carve ancient and beautiful constellations into smaller groups to suit their purpose.
Orion, god on the equator, became a saucepan or a tea pot. Argo, the great ship of the south originally used by the Egyptian pharaohs for their jour- neys to the underworld, became a broken wreck drifting around the South Pole. Astrology seems to have lost contact with that which is the very central tenet of our art. If at any stage a star is on one of the four angles rising, culminating, setting, or on the nadir , while at the same time a planet is also on any of these four places, then the star is linked to the planet via what is called a paran.
This method of parans is the most ancient way of working with fixed stars. Because parans are based on examining the times when stars and planets are at the key moments of their diurnal movement, the place and date of birth is important, but the actual time of birth is not required Michael Jonathan McDonald define parans : If a star or a planet is on any of these four points at the same time as a star or planet is on the same point or any of the other three points, then those two plants are in paran.
Example A degree aspect that forms a astrological aspect to a planet to a star. Usually said to be in positions on the power points, 1,4,7,10 houses. As the day moves along, at one point or another if a planet is in paran to a star, it will encircle all these points in a hour period. Now as stars and Earth are not on a single plane and Earth rotates as well as revolves around the Sun, the stars position moves in all sorts of directions across the horizons. When the Asian people, who were not only diverse in culture and history, but also active in performing local traditions and religions, experienced a socio-political change under the wave of Western colonialism, the religious climate was also altered from a transnational perspective.
Part One explores the nationals of China Taiwan , Hong Kong, Korea, and Japan, focusing on the manifestations of Japanese religion, Chinese foreign policy, the British educational system in Hong Kong in relation to Tibetan Buddhism, the Korean women of Catholicism, and the Scottish impact in late nineteenth century Korea. Editor: Carmen Meinert. The interdisciplinary volume Transfer of Buddhism across Central Asian Networks 7th to 13th Centuries , edited by Carmen Meinert, offers a new transregional and transcultural vision for religious transfer processes in Central Asian history.
It looks at the region as an integrated religious whole rather than from the perspective of fragmented sub-disciplines and analyses the spread of Buddhism as a driving force in a societal and cultural change of pan-Asian importance. This volume explores Buddhist localisations through manuscripts and material culture in the multiethnic oases of the Tarim basin, the Transhimalyan region of Zangskar, Ladakh and Kashmir and the Western Tibetan Kingdom of Purang-Guge.
Religion and Secularity traces the history of the conceptual binary of religion and secularity in Europe and the repercussions it had in other regions and cultures of the Eurasian continent during the age of imperialism and beyond. Taken together, these in-depth studies provide a broad comparative perspective on a penomenon that has been crucial for the development of globalized modernity and its regional interpretations.
Terms and Conditions Privacy Statement. Powered by: PubFactory. Ramanlal R Shah, Also known as R Shah. See Results. Ramanlal K Shah, Lived In Rosedale NY. Ramanlal B Shah, Ramanlal Shah, Princeton Junction, NJ.
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Also known as Raman R Shah. Ramanlal H Shah, Ramanlal D Shah, Ramanlal Shah. Hoffman Estates, IL.